Scientists capture a molecular movie showing how penicillin forms, revealing hidden stages

At the University of Oxford, researchers have uncovered new stages of penicillin formation, employing cutting-edge ultrafast X-ray free-electron laser techniques for real-time observation. They documented the enzymatic action of isopenicillin N synthase, transforming a linear peptide into penicillin scaffolds. Key findings include a thioaldehyde intermediate and a monocyclic β-lactam, offering val